CkMime Perl Reference Documentation

CkMime

Current Version: 9.5.0.97

Chilkat MIME allows you to easily create and manipulate MIME and S/MIME messages from within your applications.

Object Creation

$obj = chilkat::CkMime->new();

Properties

Boundary
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Boundary($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->boundary();
$mime->put_Boundary($strVal);

The boundary string for a multipart MIME message.

It is the value of the boundary attribute of the Content-Type header field. For example, if the Content-Type header is this:

Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------080707010302060306060800"
then the value of the Boundary property is "------------080707010302060306060800".

When building multipart MIME messages, the boundary is automatically generated by methods such as NewMultipartMixed, to be a unique and random string, so explicitly setting the boundary is usually not necessary.

top
Charset
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Charset($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->charset();
$mime->put_Charset($strVal);

The value of the "charset" attribute of the Content-Type header field. For example, if the Content-Type header is this:

Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
then the value of the Charset property is "iso-8859-1".

top
CmsOptions
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_CmsOptions($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->cmsOptions();
$mime->put_CmsOptions($strVal);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.78

A JSON string for controlling extra CMS (PKCS7) signature and validation options.

top
ContentType
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_ContentType($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->contentType();
$mime->put_ContentType($strVal);

The MIME content type, such as "text/plain", "text/html", "image/gif", "multipart/alternative", "multipart/mixed", etc.

It is the value of the Content-Type header field, excluding any attributes. For example, if the Content-Type header is this:

Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------080707010302060306060800"
then the value of the ContentType property is "multipart/mixed".

top
CurrentDateTime
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_CurrentDateTime($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->currentDateTime();

Returns the current date/time in RFC 822 format.

More Information and Examples
top
DebugLogFilePath
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_DebugLogFilePath($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->debugLogFilePath();
$mime->put_DebugLogFilePath($strVal);

If set to a file path, causes each Chilkat method or property call to automatically append it's LastErrorText to the specified log file. The information is appended such that if a hang or crash occurs, it is possible to see the context in which the problem occurred, as well as a history of all Chilkat calls up to the point of the problem. The VerboseLogging property can be set to provide more detailed information.

This property is typically used for debugging the rare cases where a Chilkat method call hangs or generates an exception that halts program execution (i.e. crashes). A hang or crash should generally never happen. The typical causes of a hang are:

  1. a timeout related property was set to 0 to explicitly indicate that an infinite timeout is desired,
  2. the hang is actually a hang within an event callback (i.e. it is a hang within the application code), or
  3. there is an internal problem (bug) in the Chilkat code that causes the hang.

top
Disposition
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Disposition($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->disposition();
$mime->put_Disposition($strVal);

The value of the Content-Disposition header field, excluding any attributes. For example, if the Content-Disposition header is this:

Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="starfish.gif"
then the value of the Disposition property is "attachment".

More Information and Examples
top
Encoding
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Encoding($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->encoding();
$mime->put_Encoding($strVal);

The value of the Content-Transfer-Encoding header field. Typical values are "base64", "quoted-printable", "7bit", "8bit", "binary", etc. For example, if the Content-Transfer-Encoding header is this:

Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
then the value of the Encoding property is "base64".

More Information and Examples
top
Filename
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Filename($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->filename();
$mime->put_Filename($strVal);

The value of the "filename" attribute of the Content-Disposition header field. For example, if the Content-Disposition header is this:

Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="starfish.gif"
then the value of the Filename property is "starfish.gif".

More Information and Examples
top
LastErrorHtml
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_LastErrorHtml($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->lastErrorHtml();

Provides information in HTML format about the last method/property called. If a method call returns a value indicating failure, or behaves unexpectedly, examine this property to get more information.

top
LastErrorText
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_LastErrorText($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->lastErrorText();

Provides information in plain-text format about the last method/property called. If a method call returns a value indicating failure, or behaves unexpectedly, examine this property to get more information.

top
LastErrorXml
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_LastErrorXml($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->lastErrorXml();

Provides information in XML format about the last method/property called. If a method call returns a value indicating failure, or behaves unexpectedly, examine this property to get more information.

top
LastMethodSuccess
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_LastMethodSuccess();
$mime->put_LastMethodSuccess($boolVal);

Indicate whether the last method call succeeded or failed. A value of 1 indicates success, a value of 0 indicates failure. This property is automatically set for method calls. It is not modified by property accesses. The property is automatically set to indicate success for the following types of method calls:

  • Any method that returns a string.
  • Any method returning a Chilkat object, binary bytes, or a date/time.
  • Any method returning a standard boolean status value where success = 1 and failure = 0.
  • Any method returning an integer where failure is defined by a return value less than zero.

Note: Methods that do not fit the above requirements will always set this property equal to 1. For example, a method that returns no value (such as a "void" in C++) will technically always succeed.

top
Micalg
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Micalg($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->micalg();
$mime->put_Micalg($strVal);

The value of the "micalg" attribute of the Content-Type header field. For example, if the Content-Type header is this:

Content-Type: multipart/signed; protocol="application/x-pkcs7-signature"; micalg=sha1; 
  boundary="------------ms000908010507020408060303"
then the value of the Micalg property is "sha".

Note: The micalg attribute is only present in PKCS7 signed MIME. Setting the Micalg property has the effect of choosing the hash algorithm used w/ signing. Possible choices are "sha1", "md5", "sha256", "sha384", and "sha512". However, it is preferable to set the signing hash algorithm by setting the SigningHashAlg property instead.

top
Name
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Name($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->name();
$mime->put_Name($strVal);

The value of the "name" attribute of the Content-Type header field. For example, if the Content-Type header is this:

Content-Type: image/gif; name="starfish.gif"
then the value of the Name property is "starfish.gif".

More Information and Examples
top
NumEncryptCerts
# $intVal is an integer
$intVal = $mime->get_NumEncryptCerts();

The number of certificates found when decrypting S/MIME. This property is set after UnwrapSecurity is called.

top
NumHeaderFields
# $intVal is an integer
$intVal = $mime->get_NumHeaderFields();

The number of header fields. Header field names and values can be retrieved by index (starting at 0) by calling GetHeaderFieldName and GetHeaderFieldValue.

top
NumParts
# $intVal is an integer
$intVal = $mime->get_NumParts();

MIME messages are composed of parts in a tree structure. The NumParts property contains the number of direct children. To traverse an entire MIME tree, one would recursively descend the tree structure by iterating from 0 to NumParts-1, calling GetPart to get each direct child MIME object. The traversal would continue by iterating over each child's parts, and so on.

top
NumSignerCerts
# $intVal is an integer
$intVal = $mime->get_NumSignerCerts();

The number of certificates found when verifying signature(s). This property is set after UnwrapSecurity is called.

top
OaepHash
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_OaepHash($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->oaepHash();
$mime->put_OaepHash($strVal);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.67

Selects the hash algorithm for use within OAEP padding when encrypting MIME using RSAES-OAEP. The valid choices are "sha1", "sha256", "sha384", "sha512",

top
OaepMgfHash
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_OaepMgfHash($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->oaepMgfHash();
$mime->put_OaepMgfHash($strVal);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.71

Selects the MGF hash algorithm for use within OAEP padding when encrypting MIME using RSAES-OAEP. The valid choices are "sha1", "sha256", "sha384", "sha512", The default is "sha1".

top
OaepPadding
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_OaepPadding();
$mime->put_OaepPadding($boolVal);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.67

Selects the RSA encryption scheme when encrypting MIME. The default value is 0, which selects RSAES_PKCS1-V1_5. If set to 1, then RSAES_OAEP is used.

top
Pkcs7CryptAlg
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Pkcs7CryptAlg($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->pkcs7CryptAlg();
$mime->put_Pkcs7CryptAlg($strVal);

When the MIME is encrypted (using PKCS7 public-key encryption), this selects the underlying symmetric encryption algorithm. Possible values are: "aes", "des", "3des", and "rc2". The default value is "aes".

top
Pkcs7KeyLength
# $intVal is an integer
$intVal = $mime->get_Pkcs7KeyLength();
$mime->put_Pkcs7KeyLength($intVal);

When the MIME is encrypted (using PKCS7 public-key encryption), this selects the key length of the underlying symmetric encryption algorithm. The possible values allowed depend on the Pkcs7CryptAlg property. For "aes", the key length may be 128, 192, or 256. For "3des" the key length must be 192. For "des" the key length must be 40. For "rc2" the key length can be 40, 56, 64, or 128.

top
Protocol
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Protocol($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->protocol();
$mime->put_Protocol($strVal);

The value of the "protocol" attribute of the Content-Type header field. For example, if the Content-Type header is this:

Content-Type: multipart/signed; protocol="application/x-pkcs7-signature"; micalg=sha1; 
  boundary="------------ms000908010507020408060303"
then the value of the Protocol property is "application/x-pkcs7-signature".

top
SigningAlg
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_SigningAlg($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->signingAlg();
$mime->put_SigningAlg($strVal);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.67

Selects the signature algorithm to be used when creating signed (PKCS7/CMS) MIME. The default value is "PKCS1-v1_5". This can be set to "RSASSA-PSS" (or simply "pss") to use the RSASSA-PSS signature scheme.

Note: This property only applies when signing with an RSA private key. It does not apply for ECC or DSA private keys.

Also: This property does not get set when a signature is verified. It is only used to specify the algorithm when creating a signature. The LastJsonData method can be used to get information about the verified signature(s).

More Information and Examples
top
SigningHashAlg
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_SigningHashAlg($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->signingHashAlg();
$mime->put_SigningHashAlg($strVal);

Selects the underlying hash algorithm used when creating signed (PKCS7) MIME. Possible values are "sha1", "sha256", "sha384", "sha512", "md5", and "md2".

Note: This property does not get set when a signature is verified. It is only used to specify the algorithm when creating a signature. The LastJsonData method can be used to get information about the verified signature(s).

top
UncommonOptions
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_UncommonOptions($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->uncommonOptions();
$mime->put_UncommonOptions($strVal);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.89

This is a catch-all property to be used for uncommon needs. This property defaults to the empty string and should typically remain empty.

top
UnwrapExtras
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_UnwrapExtras();
$mime->put_UnwrapExtras($boolVal);

Controls whether extra (informative) header fields are added to the MIME message when unwrapping security.

More Information and Examples
top
UseMmDescription
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_UseMmDescription();
$mime->put_UseMmDescription($boolVal);

Controls whether the boilerplate text "This is a multi-part message in MIME format." is used as the body content of a multipart MIME part.

top
UseXPkcs7
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_UseXPkcs7();
$mime->put_UseXPkcs7($boolVal);

If 1, then the Content-Type header fields created by Chilkat will use "x-pkcs7" instead of simply "pkcs7" . For example:

Content-Type: multipart/signed;
	boundary="----=_NextPart_af8_0422_dbec3a60.7178e470";
	protocol="application/x-pkcs7-signature"; micalg=sha1

or

Content-Type: application/x-pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m"
If 0, then the "pcks7" is used. For example:
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
	boundary="----=_NextPart_af8_0422_dbec3a60.7178e470";
	protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"; micalg=sha1

or

Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m"
The default value of this property is 1, meaning that "x-" is used by default.

top
Utf8
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_Utf8();
$mime->put_Utf8($boolVal);

When set to 1, all "const char *" arguments are interpreted as utf-8 strings. If set to 0 (the default), then "const char *" arguments are interpreted as ANSI strings. Also, when set to 1, and Chilkat method returning a "const char *" is returning the utf-8 representation. If set to 0, all "const char *" return values are ANSI strings.

top
VerboseLogging
# $boolVal is a boolean
$boolVal = $mime->get_VerboseLogging();
$mime->put_VerboseLogging($boolVal);

If set to 1, then the contents of LastErrorText (or LastErrorXml, or LastErrorHtml) may contain more verbose information. The default value is 0. Verbose logging should only be used for debugging. The potentially large quantity of logged information may adversely affect peformance.

top
Version
# $strVal is a string
# $ckStr is a CkString
$mime->get_Version($ckStr);
$strVal = $mime->version();

Version of the component/library, such as "9.5.0.94"

More Information and Examples
top

Methods

AddContentLength
$mime->AddContentLength();

Computes the size of the MIME body and adds a Content-Length header field with the computed value. If the MIME body is non-multipart, the Content-Length is just the size of the content. If the MIME is multipart, then the Content-Length is the sum of all the sub-parts. Calling this method more than once causes the Content-Length header to be re-computed and updated.

More Information and Examples
top
AddDecryptCert
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->AddDecryptCert($cert);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.40

Makes a certificate available for decrypting if needed by methods that decrypt, such as UnwrapSecurity. This method may be called multiple times to make more than one certificate (and it's private key) available. Alternative methods for making certificates available are UseCertVault, AddPfxSourceFile, and AddPfxSourceData.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AddDetachedSignature
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->AddDetachedSignature($cert);

Signs the message using the certificate provided. If successful, the message is converted to "multipart/signed" and the original message will be contained in the first sub-part.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AddDetachedSignature2
# $cert is a CkCert
# $transferHeaderFields is a boolean
$status = $mime->AddDetachedSignature2($cert, $transferHeaderFields);

Same as AddDetachedSignature, except an extra argument is provided to control whether header fields from the calling MIME object are transferred to the content part of the multipart/signed object. This method transforms the calling object into a multipart/signed MIME with two sub-parts. The first contains the original content of the calling object, and the second contains the digital signature.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AddDetachedSignaturePk
# $cert is a CkCert
# $privateKey is a CkPrivateKey
$status = $mime->AddDetachedSignaturePk($cert, $privateKey);

Adds a detached signature using a certificate and it's associated private key. This method would be used when the private key is external to the certificate -- for example, if a PFX/P12 file is not used, but instead a pair of .cer and .pem files are used (one for the certificate and one for the associated private key).

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
AddDetachedSignaturePk2
# $cert is a CkCert
# $privateKey is a CkPrivateKey
# $transferHeaderFields is a boolean
$status = $mime->AddDetachedSignaturePk2($cert, $privateKey, $transferHeaderFields);

Same as AddDetachedSignaturePk, except an extra argument is provided to control whether header fields from the calling MIME object are transferred to the content part of the multipart/signed object. This method transforms the calling object into a multipart/signed MIME with two sub-parts. The first contains the original content of the calling object, and the second contains the digital signature.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AddEncryptCert
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->AddEncryptCert($cert);

Adds a certificate to the object's internal list of certificates to be used when the EncryptN method is called. (See the EncryptN method for more information.) The internal list may be cleared by calling ClearEncryptCerts.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AddHeaderField
# $name is a string
# $value is a string
$status = $mime->AddHeaderField($name, $value);

Adds a header field to the MIME.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
AddPfxSourceData
# $pfxFileData is a CkByteData
# $pfxPassword is a string
$status = $mime->AddPfxSourceData($pfxFileData, $pfxPassword);

Adds a PFX to the object's internal list of sources to be searched for certificates and private keys when decrypting . Multiple PFX sources can be added by calling this method once for each. (On the Windows operating system, the registry-based certificate stores are also automatically searched, so it is commonly not required to explicitly add PFX sources.)

The pfxFileData contains the bytes of a PFX file (also known as PKCS12 or .p12).

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AddPfxSourceFile
# $pfxFilePath is a string
# $password is a string
$status = $mime->AddPfxSourceFile($pfxFilePath, $password);

Adds a PFX file to the object's internal list of sources to be searched for certificates and private keys when decrypting. Multiple PFX files can be added by calling this method once for each. (On the Windows operating system, the registry-based certificate stores are also automatically searched, so it is commonly not required to explicitly add PFX sources.)

The pfxFilePath contains the bytes of a PFX file (also known as PKCS12 or .p12).

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AppendPart
# $mime is a CkMime
$status = $mime->AppendPart($mime);

Appends a MIME message to the sub-parts of this message. Arbitrarily complex messages with unlimited nesting levels can be created. If the calling Mime object is not already multipart, it is automatically converted to multipart/mixed first.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
AppendPartFromFile
# $filename is a string
$status = $mime->AppendPartFromFile($filename);

Loads a file and creates a Mime message object using the file extension to determine the content type, and adds it as a sub-part to the calling object.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
AsnBodyToXml
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->AsnBodyToXml($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->asnBodyToXml();

When the body of a MIME part contains PKCS7 (ASN.1 in DER format, base64-encoded), this method can be used to convert the ASN.1 to an XML format for inspection. Here is an example of how an ASN.1 body might look:

Content-Type: application/x-pkcs7-mime;
	name="smime.p7m"; smime-type="signed-data"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="smime.p7m"

MIIXXAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIXTTCCF0kCAQExCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMFoGCSqGSIb3DQEHAaBNBEtD
b250ZW50LVR5cGU6IHRleHQvcGxhaW4NCkNvbnRlbnQtVHJhbnNmZXItRW5jb2Rpbmc6IDdiaXQN
Cg0KdGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3SgghI/MIIE3jCCA8agAwIBAgICAwEwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwYzEL
...
The XML produced would look something like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<sequence>
    <oid>1.2.840.113549.1.7.2</oid>
    <contextSpecific tag="0" constructed="1">
        <sequence>
            <int>01</int>
            <set>
                <sequence>
                    <oid>1.3.14.3.2.26</oid>
                    <null />
                </sequence>
            </set>
            <sequence>
                <oid>1.2.840.113549.1.7.1</oid>
                <contextSpecific tag="0" constructed="1">
...

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
ClearEncryptCerts
$mime->ClearEncryptCerts();

Clears the internal list of certificates added by previous calls to the AddEncryptCert method. (See the EncryptN method for information about encrypting using multiple certificates.)

top
ContainsEncryptedParts
$retBool = $mime->ContainsEncryptedParts();

Returns 1 if the MIME message contains encrypted parts.

Note: This method examines the MIME as-is. If UnwrapSecurity is called and it is successful, then the MIME should no longer contain encrypted parts, and this method would return 0.

Note: If a signed MIME message is then encrypted, then it is not possible to know that the MIME is both encrypted and signed until UnwrapSecurity is called. (In other words, it is not possible to know the contents of the encrypted MIME until it is decrypted.) Therefore, the ContainsSignedParts method would return 0.

More Information and Examples
top
ContainsSignedParts
$retBool = $mime->ContainsSignedParts();

Returns 1 if the MIME message contains signed parts.

Note: This method examines the MIME as-is. If UnwrapSecurity is called and it is successful, then the MIME should no longer contain signed parts, and this method would return 0.

Note: If a signed MIME message is then encrypted, then it is not possible to know that the MIME is both encrypted and signed until UnwrapSecurity is called. (In other words, it is not possible to know the contents of the encrypted MIME until it is decrypted.) Therefore, the ContainsSignedParts method would return 0.

Note: The same concept also applies to opaque signatures, such as with the MIME produced by calling ConvertToSigned.

More Information and Examples
top
Convert8Bit
$mime->Convert8Bit();

Changes the content-transfer-encoding to "base64" for all 8bit or binary MIME subparts. This allows for the MIME to be exported as a string via the GetMime method.

More Information and Examples
top
ConvertToMultipartAlt
$status = $mime->ConvertToMultipartAlt();

Converts existing MIME to a multipart/alternative. This is accomplished by creating a new outermost multipart/alternative MIME part. The existing MIME is moved into the 1st (and only) sub-part of the new multipart/alternative enclosure. Header fields from the original top-level MIME part are transferred to the new top-level multipart/alternative header, except for Content-Type, Content-Transfer-Encoding, and Content-Disposition. For example, the following simple plain-text MIME is converted as follows:

Original:

MIME-Version: 1.0
Date: Sun, 11 Aug 2013 11:18:44 -0500
Message-ID: <D105FA9A2B5F34E253C6E255D58247D26F8BD724@CHILKAT13>
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
X-Priority: 3 (Normal)
Subject: this is the subject.
From: "Chilkat Software" <support@chilkatsoft.com>
To: "Chilkat Sales" <sales@chilkatsoft.com>

This is the plain-text body.

After Converting:

MIME-Version: 1.0
Date: Sun, 11 Aug 2013 11:18:44 -0500
Message-ID: <D105FA9A2B5F34E253C6E255D58247D26F8BD724@CHILKAT13>
X-Priority: 3 (Normal)
Subject: this is the subject.
From: "Chilkat Software" <support@chilkatsoft.com>
To: "Chilkat Sales" <sales@chilkatsoft.com>
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
	boundary="------------040101040804050401050400_.ALT"

--------------040101040804050401050400_.ALT
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

This is the plain-text body.
--------------040101040804050401050400_.ALT--

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
ConvertToMultipartMixed
$status = $mime->ConvertToMultipartMixed();

Converts existing MIME to a multipart/mixed. This is accomplished by creating a new outermost multipart/mixed MIME part. The existing MIME is moved into the 1st (and only) sub-part of the new multipart/mixed enclosure. Header fields from the original top-level MIME part are transferred to the new top-level multipart/mixed header, except for Content-Type, Content-Transfer-Encoding, and Content-Disposition. For example, the following simple plain-text MIME is converted as follows:

Original:

MIME-Version: 1.0
Date: Sun, 11 Aug 2013 11:27:04 -0500
Message-ID: <B43DAF999B38BFE2C7240D86E691B8628D9D0BF4@CHILKAT13>
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
X-Priority: 3 (Normal)
Subject: this is the subject.
From: "Chilkat Software" <support@chilkatsoft.com>
To: "Chilkat Sales" <sales@chilkatsoft.com>

This is the plain-text body.

After Converting:

MIME-Version: 1.0
Date: Sun, 11 Aug 2013 11:27:04 -0500
Message-ID: <B43DAF999B38BFE2C7240D86E691B8628D9D0BF4@CHILKAT13>
X-Priority: 3 (Normal)
Subject: this is the subject.
From: "Chilkat Software" <support@chilkatsoft.com>
To: "Chilkat Sales" <sales@chilkatsoft.com>
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
	boundary="------------050508060709030908040207"

--------------050508060709030908040207
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

This is the plain-text body.
--------------050508060709030908040207--

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
ConvertToSigned
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->ConvertToSigned($cert);

Digitally signs a MIME message. The MIME is converted to an application/x-pkcs7-mime which is a PKCS7 signature that includes both the original MIME message and the signature. This is different than AddDetachedSignature, where the signature is appended to the MIME.

Note: This is commonly referred to as an "opaque" signature.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
ConvertToSignedPk
# $cert is a CkCert
# $privateKey is a CkPrivateKey
$status = $mime->ConvertToSignedPk($cert, $privateKey);

Digitally signs the MIME to convert it to an "opaque" signed message using a certificate and it's associated private key. This method would be used when the private key is external to the certificate -- for example, if a PFX/P12 file is not used, but instead a pair of .cer and .pem files are used (one for the certificate and one for the associated private key).

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
Decrypt
$status = $mime->Decrypt();

Decrypts PKCS7 encrypted MIME (also known as S/MIME). Information about the certificates required for decryption is always embedded within PKCS7 encrypted MIME. This method will automatically find and use the certificate + private key required from three possible sources:

  1. PFX files that were provided in one or more calls to AddPfxSourceData or AddPfxSourceFile.
  2. Certificates found in an XML certificate vault provided by calling the UseCertVault method.
  3. (On Windows systems) Certificates found in the system's registry-based certificate stores.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
Decrypt2
# $cert is a CkCert
# $privateKey is a CkPrivateKey
$status = $mime->Decrypt2($cert, $privateKey);

The same as Decrypt, but useful when the certificate and private key are available in separate files (as opposed to a single file such as a .pfx/.p12).

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
DecryptUsingCert
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->DecryptUsingCert($cert);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.40

Decrypts PKCS7 encrypted MIME (also known as S/MIME) using a specific certificate.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
DecryptUsingPfxData
# $pfxData is a CkByteData
# $password is a string
$status = $mime->DecryptUsingPfxData($pfxData, $password);

Decrypts MIME using a specific PFX ( also known as PKCS12, which is a file format commonly used to store private keys with accompanying public key certificates, protected with a password-based symmetric key). This method allows the bytes of the PKCS12 file to be passed directly, thus allowing PKCS12's to be persisted and retrieved from non-file-based locations, such as in LDAP or a database.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
DecryptUsingPfxFile
# $pfxFilePath is a string
# $pfxPassword is a string
$status = $mime->DecryptUsingPfxFile($pfxFilePath, $pfxPassword);

Decrypts MIME using a specific PFX file (also known as PKCS12) as the source for any required certificates and private keys. (Note: .pfx and .p12 files are both PKCS12 format.)

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
Encrypt
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->Encrypt($cert);

Encrypts the MIME to create PKCS7 encrypted MIME. A digital certificate (which always contains a public-key) is used to encrypt.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
EncryptN
$status = $mime->EncryptN();

Encrypt MIME using any number of digital certificates. Each certificate to be used must first be added by calling AddEncryptCert (once per certificate). See the example code below:

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
ExtractPartsToFiles
# returns a CkStringArray
# $dirPath is a string
$ret_stringArray = $mime->ExtractPartsToFiles($dirPath);

Recursively descends through the parts of a MIME message and extracts all parts having a filename to a file. The files are created in dirPath. Returns a (Ck)StringArray object containing the names of the files created. The filenames are obtained from the "filename" attribute of the content-disposition header. If a filename does not exist, then the MIME part is not saved to a file.

Returns null on failure

More Information and Examples
top
FindIssuer
# returns a CkCert
# $cert is a CkCert
$ret_cert = $mime->FindIssuer($cert);

Finds and returns the issuer certificate. If the certificate is a root or self-issued, then the certificate returned is a copy of the caller certificate.

Returns null on failure

top
GetBodyBd
# $binDat is a CkBinData
$status = $mime->GetBodyBd($binDat);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.67

Returns the body of the MIME message in a BinData object.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetBodyBinary
# $outData is a CkByteData (output)
$status = $mime->GetBodyBinary($outData);

Returns the body of the MIME message as a block of binary data. The body is automatically converted from its encoding type, such as base64 or quoted-printable, before being returned.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetBodyDecoded
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetBodyDecoded($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getBodyDecoded();

Returns the body of the MIME message as a string. The body is automatically converted from its encoding type, such as base64 or quoted-printable, before being returned.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetBodyEncoded
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetBodyEncoded($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getBodyEncoded();

Returns the body of the MIME message as a String. The body is explicitly not decoded from it's encoding type, so if it was represented in Base64, you will get the Base64 encoded body, as an example.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetEncryptCert
# returns a CkCert
# $index is an integer
$ret_cert = $mime->GetEncryptCert($index);

Returns the Nth certificate found when decrypting. The EncryptCerts property contains the number of certificates.

Returns null on failure

More Information and Examples
top
GetEntireBody
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetEntireBody($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getEntireBody();

Returns the entire MIME body, including all sub-parts.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetEntireHead
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetEntireHead($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getEntireHead();

Returns the MIME header.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetHeaderField
# $fieldName is a string
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetHeaderField($fieldName, $outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getHeaderField($fieldName);

Returns the value of a MIME header field. fieldName is case-insensitive.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetHeaderFieldAttribute
# $name is a string
# $attrName is a string
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetHeaderFieldAttribute($name, $attrName, $outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getHeaderFieldAttribute($name, $attrName);

Parses a MIME header field and returns the value of an attribute. MIME header fields w/ attributes are formatted like this:

Header-Name:  value;  attrName1="value1"; attrName2="value2"; ....  attrNameN="valueN"
Semi-colons separate attribute name=value pairs. The Content-Type header field often contains attributes. Here is an example:
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
	protocol="application/x-pkcs7-signature";
	micalg=SHA1;
	boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB03E4.D0BAF010"
In the above example, to access the value of the "protocol" attribute, call GetHeaderFieldAttribute("Content-Type", "protocol");

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetHeaderFieldName
# $index is an integer
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetHeaderFieldName($index, $outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getHeaderFieldName($index);

Returns the Nth MIME header field name.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetHeaderFieldValue
# $index is an integer
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetHeaderFieldValue($index, $outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getHeaderFieldValue($index);

Returns the Nth MIME header field value.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetMime
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetMime($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getMime();

Returns a string containing the complete MIME message, including all sub-parts.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetMimeBd
# $bindat is a CkBinData
$status = $mime->GetMimeBd($bindat);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.62

Appends the MIME to a BinData object.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetMimeBytes
# $outBytes is a CkByteData (output)
$status = $mime->GetMimeBytes($outData);

Returns a byte array containing the complete MIME message, including all sub-parts.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetMimeSb
# $sb is a CkStringBuilder
$status = $mime->GetMimeSb($sb);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.62

Appends the MIME to a StringBuilder object.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetPart
# returns a CkMime
# $index is an integer
$ret_mime = $mime->GetPart($index);

Returns the Nth sub-part of the MIME message. Indexing begins at 0.

Returns null on failure

top
GetSignatureSigningTimeStr
# $index is an integer
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetSignatureSigningTimeStr($index, $outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getSignatureSigningTimeStr($index);

The same as the GetSignatureSigningTime method, but returns tjhe date/time in RFC822 string format.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
GetSignerCert
# returns a CkCert
# $index is an integer
$ret_cert = $mime->GetSignerCert($index);

Returns the Nth digital certificate used to sign the MIME message. Indexing begins at 0.

Returns null on failure

More Information and Examples
top
GetSignerCertChain
# returns a CkCertChain
# $index is an integer
$ret_certChain = $mime->GetSignerCertChain($index);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.40

Returns the full certificate chain for the Nth certificate used to sign the MIME message. Indexing begins at 0.

Returns null on failure

top
GetStructure
# $fmt is a string
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetStructure($fmt, $outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getStructure($fmt);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.56

Returns a string summarizing the MIME structure. The output format is specified by fmt and can be "text" or "xml".

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
GetXml
# $outStr is a CkString (output)
$status = $mime->GetXml($outStr);
$retStr = $mime->getXml();

Converts the MIME (or S/MIME) message to XML and returns the XML as a string.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
HasSignatureSigningTime
# $index is an integer
$retBool = $mime->HasSignatureSigningTime($index);

Returns 1 if the Nth signature included a timestamp that recorded the signing time. The number of signatures (i.e. signer certs) is indicated by the NumSignerCerts property. (In most cases, the number of signer certs is 1.) The signing time can be obtained via the GetSignatureSigningTime or GetSignatureSigningTimeStr methods. The index of the 1st signature signing time is 0.

top
IsApplicationData
$retBool = $mime->IsApplicationData();

Return 1 if the MIME message contains application data, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsAttachment
$retBool = $mime->IsAttachment();

Return 1 if this MIME message is an attachment, otherwise returns 0. A MIME message is considered an attachment if the Content-Disposition header field contains the value "attachment".

top
IsAudio
$retBool = $mime->IsAudio();

Return 1 if the MIME message contains audio data, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsEncrypted
$retBool = $mime->IsEncrypted();

Returns 1 if the MIME message is PKCS7 encrypted, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsHtml
$retBool = $mime->IsHtml();

Return 1 if the MIME body is HTML, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsImage
$retBool = $mime->IsImage();

Return 1 if the MIME message contains image data, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsMultipart
$retBool = $mime->IsMultipart();

Return 1 if the MIME message is multipart (multipart/mixed, multipart/related, multipart/alternative, etc.), otherwise returns 0.

top
IsMultipartAlternative
$retBool = $mime->IsMultipartAlternative();

Return 1 if the MIME message is multipart/alternative, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsMultipartMixed
$retBool = $mime->IsMultipartMixed();

Return true if the MIME message is multipart/mixed, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsMultipartRelated
$retBool = $mime->IsMultipartRelated();

Return 1 if the MIME message is multipart/related, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsPlainText
$retBool = $mime->IsPlainText();

Return 1 if the MIME message body is plain text, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsSigned
$retBool = $mime->IsSigned();

Return 1 if the MIME message is PKCS7 digitally signed, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsText
$retBool = $mime->IsText();

Return 1 if the MIME message body is any text content type, such as text/plain, text/html, text/xml, etc., otherwise returns 0.

top
IsVideo
$retBool = $mime->IsVideo();

Return 1 if the MIME message contains video data, otherwise returns 0.

top
IsXml
$retBool = $mime->IsXml();

Return 1 if the MIME message body is XML, otherwise returns 0.

top
LastJsonData
# returns a CkJsonObject
$ret_jsonObject = $mime->LastJsonData();
Introduced in version 9.5.0.69

Provides information about what transpired in the last method called on this object instance. For many methods, there is no information. However, for some methods, details about what occurred can be obtained by getting the LastJsonData right after the method call returns. For example, after calling UnwrapSecurity, the LastJsonData will return JSON with details about the algorithms used for signature verification and decryption.

Returns null on failure

top
LoadMime
# $mimeMsg is a string
$status = $mime->LoadMime($mimeMsg);

Discards the current contents of the MIME object and loads a new MIME message from a string.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
LoadMimeBd
# $bindat is a CkBinData
$status = $mime->LoadMimeBd($bindat);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.62

Discards the current contents of the MIME object and loads a new MIME message from a BinData object.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
LoadMimeBytes
# $binData is a CkByteData
$status = $mime->LoadMimeBytes($binData);

Loads a MIME document from an in-memory byte array.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
LoadMimeFile
# $fileName is a string
$status = $mime->LoadMimeFile($fileName);

Discards the current contents of the MIME object and loads a new MIME message from a file.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
LoadMimeSb
# $sb is a CkStringBuilder
$status = $mime->LoadMimeSb($sb);
Introduced in version 9.5.0.62

Discards the current contents of the MIME object and loads a new MIME message from a StringBuilder.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
LoadXml
# $xml is a string
$status = $mime->LoadXml($xml);

Converts XML to MIME and replaces the MIME object's contents with the converted XML.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
LoadXmlFile
# $fileName is a string
$status = $mime->LoadXmlFile($fileName);

Converts XML to MIME and replaces the MIME object's contents with the converted XML.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
NewMessageRfc822
# $mimeObject is a CkMime
$status = $mime->NewMessageRfc822($mimeObject);

Clears the Mime object and initializes it such that the header contains a "content-type: message/rfc822" line and the body is the MIME text of the Mime object passed to the method.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
NewMultipartAlternative
$status = $mime->NewMultipartAlternative();

Discards the current MIME message header fields and contents, if any, an initializes the MIME object to be an empty mulipart/alternative message.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
NewMultipartMixed
$status = $mime->NewMultipartMixed();

Discards the current MIME message header fields and contents, if any, an initializes the MIME object to be an empty mulipart/mixed message.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
NewMultipartRelated
$status = $mime->NewMultipartRelated();

Discards the current MIME message header fields and contents, if any, an initializes the MIME object to be an empty mulipart/related message.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
RemoveHeaderField
# $fieldName is a string
# $bAllOccurrences is a boolean
$mime->RemoveHeaderField($fieldName, $bAllOccurrences);

Removes a header field from the MIME header. If bAllOccurrences is 1, then all occurrences of the header field are removed. Otherwise, only the 1st occurrence is removed.

More Information and Examples
top
RemovePart
# $index is an integer
$status = $mime->RemovePart($index);

Removes the Nth subpart from the MIME message.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
SaveBody
# $filename is a string
$status = $mime->SaveBody($filename);

Saves the MIME message body to a file. If the body is base64 or quoted-printable encoded, it is automatically decoded.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
SaveMime
# $filename is a string
$status = $mime->SaveMime($filename);

Saves the MIME message to a file, in MIME format. (This is the same as the .EML format used by Microsoft Outlook Express.)

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
SaveXml
# $filename is a string
$status = $mime->SaveXml($filename);

Converts the MIME message to XML and saves to an XML file.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
SetBody
# $str is a string
$mime->SetBody($str);

Sets the MIME body content to a text string.

More Information and Examples
top
SetBodyFromBinary
# $binData is a CkByteData
$status = $mime->SetBodyFromBinary($binData);

Sets the MIME message body from a byte array.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
SetBodyFromEncoded
# $encoding is a string
# $str is a string
$status = $mime->SetBodyFromEncoded($encoding, $str);

Sets the MIME message body from a Base64 or Quoted-Printable encoded string.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
SetBodyFromFile
# $fileName is a string
$status = $mime->SetBodyFromFile($fileName);

Sets the MIME message body from the contents of a file. Note: A MIME message consists of a header and a body. The body may itself be a MIME message that consists of a header and body, etc. This method loads the contents of a file into the body of a MIME message, without replacing the header.

The Content-Type and Content-Transfer-Encoding header fields are automatically updated to match the type of content loaded (based on file extension). If your application requires the MIME to have a specific Content-Type and/or Content-Transfer-Encoding, set the ContentType and Encoding properties after calling this method (not before).

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
SetBodyFromHtml
# $str is a string
$status = $mime->SetBodyFromHtml($str);

Sets the MIME message body from a string containing HTML. The Content-Type header is added or updated to the value "text/html".

If 8bit (non-us-ascii) characters are present, and if the Charset property was not previously set, then the "charset" attribute is automatically added to the Content-Type header using the default value of "utf-8". This can be changed at any time by setting the Charset property.

If the Encoding property was not previously set, then the Content-Transfer-Encoding header is automatically added. It will be set to "7bit" or "8bit" depending on whether the HTML body contains 8-bit non-us-ascii characters.

To set the MIME body with no intentional side-effects, use SetBody instead.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
SetBodyFromPlainText
# $str is a string
$status = $mime->SetBodyFromPlainText($str);

Sets the MIME message body from a string containing plain-text. The Content-Type header is added or updated to the value "text/plain".

If 8bit (non-us-ascii) characters are present, and if the Charset property was not previously set, then the "charset" attribute is automatically added to the Content-Type header using the default value of "utf-8". This can be changed at any time by setting the Charset property.

If the Encoding property was not previously set, then the Content-Transfer-Encoding header is automatically added. It will be set to "7bit" or "8bit" depending on whether the plain-text body contains 8-bit non-us-ascii characters.

To set the MIME body with no intentional side-effects, use SetBody instead.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
SetBodyFromXml
# $str is a string
$status = $mime->SetBodyFromXml($str);

Sets the MIME message body from a string containing XML. The Content-Type header is added or updated to the value "text/xml".

If 8bit (non-us-ascii) characters are present, and if the Charset property was not previously set, then the "charset" attribute is automatically added to the Content-Type header using the default value of "utf-8". This can be changed at any time by setting the Charset property.

If the Encoding property was not previously set, then the Content-Transfer-Encoding header is automatically added. It will be set to "7bit" or "8bit" depending on whether the plain-text body contains 8-bit non-us-ascii characters.

To set the MIME body with no intentional side-effects, use SetBody instead.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
SetHeaderField
# $name is a string
# $value is a string
$status = $mime->SetHeaderField($name, $value);

Adds or replaces a MIME message header field. If the field already exists, it is automatically replaced. Otherwise it is added. Pass zero-length value to remove the header field.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
SetVerifyCert
# $cert is a CkCert
$status = $mime->SetVerifyCert($cert);

Allows a certificate to be explicitly specified for verifying a signature.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
UnwrapSecurity
$status = $mime->UnwrapSecurity();

Decrypts and/or verifies all digital signatures contained within the MIME message, and returns 1 if all decryptions and verifications succeeded. Otherwise returns 0. After unwrapping, the information regarding security and certificates can be obtained by the methods GetSignerCert and GetEncryptCert, and the properties NumEncryptCerts and NumSignerCerts.

The MIME is restored to the original structure/content prior to all signing and/or encryption.

The difference between UnwrapSecurity and methods such as Verify or Decrypt is that UnwrapSecurity will recursively traverse the MIME to decrypt and/or verify all parts. Also, UnwrapSecurity will unwrap layers until no further encrypted/signed content is found. For example, if a MIME message was encrypted and then subsequently signed, then UnwrapSecurity will verify and unwrap the detached signature/signed-data layer, and then decrypt the "enveloped data".

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

More Information and Examples
top
UrlEncodeBody
# $charset is a string
$mime->UrlEncodeBody($charset);

URL encodes the MIME body. The charset is important. For example, consider this MIME:

Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Société
If the charset is set to "utf-8", then the following is produced:
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9
However, if the charset is set to "ansi", then the following is the result:
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Soci%E9t%E9

top
UseCertVault
# $vault is a CkXmlCertVault
$status = $mime->UseCertVault($vault);

Adds an XML certificate vault to the object's internal list of sources to be searched for certificates and private keys when encrypting/decrypting or signing/verifying. Unlike the AddPfxSourceData and AddPfxSourceFile methods, only a single XML certificate vault can be used. If UseCertVault is called multiple times, only the last certificate vault will be used, as each call to UseCertVault will replace the certificate vault provided in previous calls.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top
Verify
$status = $mime->Verify();

Verifies PKCS7 signed MIME and "unwraps" the signature. The MIME is restored to the original structure that it would have originally had prior to signing. The Verify method works with both detached signatures, as well as opaque/attached signatures.

A PKCS7 signature usually embeds both the signing certificate with its public key. Therefore, it is usually possible to verify a signature without the need to already have the certificate installed. If the signature does not embed the certificate, the Verify method will automatically locate and use the certificate if it was correctly pre-installed on the computer.

Returns 1 for success, 0 for failure.

top